Zezva Liparteliani

PHD Candidate
Faculty of Humanities

Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

Tbilisi, Georgia

Abstract: The International Military Education and Training (IMET) program is a U.S. initiative designed to bolster military alliances and promote democratic values through the education and training of foreign military personnel. This article examines the profound implications of the IMET program on the Georgian Defense Forces (GDF). By fostering interoperability, cultural understanding, and international networking, the program enhances military professionalism through leadership and technical training.

IMET training provides participating countries, like Georgia, with access to advanced U.S. military courses, ranging from basic tactical operations to strategic planning and leadership development. These elements are crucial for adapting to rapidly changing global threats and for ensuring military readiness and effectiveness. For Georgia, IMET plays a critical role in enhancing defense capabilities and deepening ties with Western allies. This partnership not only strengthens Georgia’s military forces but also reinforces its commitment to global security and stability. The emphasis on democratic governance and civilian control over the military is particularly relevant in reinforcing internal stability and fostering trust in military institutions. Through the ongoing collaboration enabled by IMET, the GDF remains a competent and well-equipped force, prepared to face regional and global challenges, thus advancing Georgia’s strategic objectives and integration into the international security framework.

This article is part of a broader study that aims to serve as a reliable source of information for future military professionals and researchers. The author draws on open-source data, official information, experts’ opinions and unique personal experience as a military officer involved in multiple programs and strategic planning process.

Keywords:  The International Military Education and Training (IMET); Georgian Defense Forces (GDF); US Military Education Institutions; Foreign Military Cooperation; U.S. National Security; Professional Military Development; Military Assistance Program; U.S. Military Culture, Values, and Institutions.

Introduction

US has provided many training and education programs to Georgia, and in every time of those periods for training has been well defined and developed, however there is one particular name of the program well known among the International Military Students that are seeking an education to U.S. This program is International Military Education and Training Program –IMET. During my military carrier, I was able to participate twice under this program, so my personal observation and experience allow me to write about IMET program. Before we get deep into this issue, I would like to start with basic question: what is IMET? 

Overview of the International Military Education and Training (IMET) Program
The International Military Education and Training (IMET) program is the U.S. government initiative aimed at strengthening foreign military relationships and promoting democratic values throughout the world. “The International Military Education and Training (IMET) program is an instrument of U.S. national security and foreign policy and a key component of U.S. security assistance that provides training and education on a grant basis to students from allied and friendly nations”, – one can read on the official web-site (U.S. State Department 2006).         

IMET is focused on providing foreign military personnel with the opportunity to receive professional military education and participate in various military training programs in the United States. The program enhances the professional development of foreign military personnel. It includes tactical and strategic courses on leadership, skills development, technical education, strategic planning, international security affairs, civil-military relations and others. One of the aims of the program is to instill democratic principles and respect for human rights. This is achieved through education and training that emphasize the rule of law, military professionalism, and civilian control of the military. By training foreign military officers in the U.S., the IMET program fosters long-term relationships between the U.S. military and participating countries and with this it supports building network of professionals worldwide. This often results in better communication and collaboration on global security issues.

The program is available to military personnel from a wide range of partner countries around the world. Each year, thousands of foreign officers participate, ensuring a diverse and multinational approach to military education. Participants gain exposure to American culture and society, promoting mutual understanding. This cultural exchange is considered an essential element of the program, reinforcing the ties between the U.S. and participating nations. The IMET courses cover a broad spectrum, from basic military tactics to advanced staff and command courses.   Every year, U.S. International Military Education and Training (IMET) programs are used to train approximately 6,000-7,000 foreign officers from roughly 120 friendly and allied nations in U.S. military schools alongside their U.S. counterparts (Georgetown Security Studies Review 2018).

Participants may attend military education institutions such as the U.S. Army War College, Naval War College, and Air War College. Over the years, many IMET graduates have ascended to leadership positions within their home countries military and government structures, enhancing bilateral relations with the United States. The Secretary of State determines which countries are eligible to participate in the Program, and the Secretary of Defense executes the Program. The Program is funded by the Department of Defense according to its annual appropriation and providing tuition, travel, and living expenses for participants. Specifically, the IMET is implemented by the Department of Defense’s Defense Security Cooperation Agency, (DSCA) but funded by the State Department through the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961. This makes it accessible for partner countries, especially those with limited defense budgets.

The Evolution of the IMET Program        
The International Military Education and Training (IMET) program has evolved significantly since its inception, with changes reflecting shifts in U.S. foreign policy priorities and global geopolitical dynamics. “The United States began training military personnel from foreign countries, most of them in Europe, following World War II. At the urging of President Harry Truman, Congress in 1949 authorized the Military Assistance Program and the Foreign Military Sales program and set out rules and criteria for its use. The emphasis of these early programs was on containing the influence of the Soviet Union, while training concentrated on skills needed to effectively operate and maintain equipment provided by the U.S. As Europe recovered from World War II. (Military Assistance, U.S. Department of Defense, 211).

The IMET program was Established during the Cold War and program initially focused on strengthening alliances and countering Soviet influence. The aim was to train foreign military personnel in U.S. military practices and foster pro-Western sentiments. In 1976 the International Military Education and Training (IMET) program was created. Funded by theU.S. Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 the IMET grant program was established to provide professional, leadership, and management training for senior military leaders and selected junior and middle grade officers with leadership potential from other countries.After the Cold War, the program expanded to include countries in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, with a focus on supporting democratic reforms and military professionalism.

Following the 9/11 terrorist attacks, IMET adapted to focus more on counterterrorism training and building the capacity of partner nations to combat terrorism. This shift aligned with global efforts to enhance collective security in the fight against terrorism. The program has steadily increased its inclusivity, involving more countries and diverse students, including women and members of civilian government agencies. This reflects a recognition of the need for diverse perspectives in military training. As military technology and tactics have advanced, IMET has incorporated contemporary subjects such as cybersecurity, intelligence sharing, and modern warfare techniques to remain relevant and effective.

Over time, the program incorporated modules on human rights and civilian control of the military, reflecting a broader U.S. strategy to promote democratic values and governance in partner countries. The program has adjusted to focus more on regions of strategic importance to U.S. security interests, such as the Indo-Pacific, the Middle East, Eastern Europe and Africa. This includes efforts to strengthen military relationships and enhance regional security cooperation. In response to criticisms, there has been a push for greater accountability and transparency in the program, including improved monitoring of participant outcomes and ensuring alignment with U.S. foreign policy goals. These evolutions illustrate IMET’s adaptability to changing global circumstances and priorities, aiming to maintain its relevance and effectiveness as a tool of U.S. foreign policy.

The Impact of IMET on Regional Security           
The IMET program impacts regional security in several significant ways. By training foreign military personnel, on one hand, IMET enhances the capacity of partner nations to address security challenges effectively and, on the other hand, independently, contributing to regional stability. In Europe and Eurasia, IMET is a key tool for promoting U.S. strategic interests in the region, emphasizing activities such as English language training, military professionalism, force interoperability and preparation of peacekeeping units for integration with U.S., NATO and European and Eurasian armed forces. The benefits of IMET training with countries working closely in the war on terrorism already have been evident, reflected in smooth collaboration with a growing number of countries (U.S. Department of State 2006, 484).

Relationships formed through IMET create a network of military professionals across different countries, enhancing communication and cooperation to address transnational security issues. By instilling democratic values and human rights principles, IMET strengthens military institutions, fostering trust and stability within the civil society. IMET promotes standardized military practices and interoperability, allowing for more effective joint operations and collaborations in multinational coalitions. Nevertheless, trained personnel can be more effective in humanitarian aid and disaster response, contributing to regional security during crises. IMET provides specific training in counterterrorism tactics, enabling partner countries to better combat terrorism and insurgency threats within their regions. Through education in conflict resolution and peacekeeping, the program helps reduce the likelihood of conflicts and promotes peaceful settlements of disputes. By enhancing military professionalism and promoting cooperative security dynamics, IMET plays a crucial role in fostering a more secure and stable regional environment.

The Role of IMET in U.S. Foreign Relations           
The IMET program has had a significant impact on U.S. foreign relations in several ways. By training military officers from various countries, the U.S. builds stronger alliances and partnerships. These relationships often translate into greater cooperation on security matters, joint exercises, and coordinated efforts in international peacekeeping missions. Personal relationships developed through the IMET program foster trust and mutual respect between U.S. and foreign military personnel. These bonds can facilitate smoother diplomatic and military dialogues, enhancing overall bilateral relations. Cultural exchanges and exposure to American values can lead to a more nuanced understanding of the U.S. among foreign military personnel. This improved understanding can break down stereotypes and misconceptions, fostering a more favorable view of the United States. With shared training experiences and common operational understandings, countries are better equipped to join forces in addressing threats like terrorism, piracy, and transnational crime, aligning them with U.S. interests. By promoting democratic principles and military professionalism, IMET contributes to political and military stability in partner countries. This, in turn, creates a more stable international environment, benefitting U.S. foreign policy goals. Strengthened military relationships can spill over into stronger economic ties. As countries become more stable and aligned with U.S. interests, there’s often enhanced cooperation and investment in economic sectors as well. Many IMET graduates go on to hold key military and civilian leadership positions in their home countries. As they rise to power, they often carry forward the principles and values learned during their training in the U.S. This influence can lead to more aligned perspectives on global issues between the U.S. and the graduates’ countries. “The ability of a country to attract international students, or facilitate exchanges, is a powerful tool of public diplomacy that delivers returns well into the long-term. Even for states carrying a history of bilateral animosity, there is a positive effect on perceptions and ties when people study abroad. Returning international students often become third-party advocates for their host country of study, – it is written on the official IMET web-page.

Overall, the IMET program has served as an essential tool in U.S. international strategy, utilizing military education as a means to support diplomatic goals, enhance global security, and promote constructive international relationships.

IMET as an Instrument of U.S. Security Assistance and Foreign Policy        
The IMET program contributes to U.S. foreign policy in several ways. First of all, I already mentioned that the participant countries are selected by the State Department based on the criteria, mainly sharing democratic principles and respecting human rights, and with this the Program serves to foreign policy objectives of the US.   By training foreign military personnel, the program builds and strengthens military alliances, ensuring partner nations are capable, informed, and aligned with U.S. strategic interests. By sharing advanced military tactics, technologies, and leadership skills, IMET enhances the operational capabilities of partner countries, contributing to regional stability and security. It encourages cultural exchange and mutual understanding, reducing the likelihood of conflicts and miscommunications. The program provides training in counterterrorism and security strategies, helping allied nations to address global threats and maintain peace. Personal connections between U.S. military officers and foreign counterparts create a network of professionals that can facilitate collaboration and conflict resolution and supports troops interoperability at the tactical, operational and strategic levels.

By fostering stability, IMET supports economic growth and development in partner countries, aligning with broader U.S. foreign aid objectives. IMET includes education on governance, rule of law, and human rights, fostering democratic values and accountability among military leaders worldwide.

Overall, the IMET program is a strategic tool that enhances U.S. influence, promotes global peace and security, and encourages cooperative international relations. As we read on the official web-site, Programs like IMET are critical to strengthening US national security prerogatives because of their aptitude for shaping state behavior and identity through relationships and the exchange of ideas. Coercive action is not the only tool available to great powers; IMET demonstrates that normative persuasion also impacts the achievement of the US’s strategic goals (Simone Bak, Georgetown Security Studies Review).

IMET in Comparison with Other Military Training Programs   
The International Military Education and Training (IMET) program has several distinguishing features compared to other military training programs. IMET is comprehensive tool, emphasizes education, cultural exchange, and building long-term relationships rather than solely tactical training. It provides exposure to U.S. military culture, values, and institutions. IMET aims to standardize practices among partner nations to enable seamless cooperation with U.S. forces, which is not always the primary goal of other training programs. Unlike some programs focused on immediate needs or specific missions, IMET invests in building long-lasting bilateral relationships and mutual understanding. Unlike many programs that might focus exclusively on tactical skills, IMET includes components on human rights, the rule of law, and ethical conduct, aiming to instill these values in foreign military personnel. The program often targets mid to senior-level officers who are likely to return to key positions within their home countries, fostering connections and leadership oriented towards shared security goals. IMET offers a wide range of courses, including areas like military leadership, resource management, logistics, and conflict resolution, in addition to technical and operational skills. IMET works on a cost-sharing basis with partner nations, making it accessible to a diverse range of countries, including those with limited resources. IMET emphasizes the importance of civil-military relations, aiming to enhance civilian oversight and integration of military efforts within national governance frameworks. These aspects set IMET apart, as it provides a holistic approach to military education that extends beyond skills training to include values and relationships that align with U.S. security interests.

The Impact of the IMET Program on the Georgian Defense Forces (GDF)

The International Military Education and Training (IMET) program has had a profound impact on the Georgian Defense Forces (GDF), enhancing their capabilities and fostering stronger ties with the United States. As Georgia continues to navigate complex regional challenges, participation in the IMET program stands out for its strategic, operational, and diplomatic implications. The IMET program emphasizes not only military skills but also personal and professional development. Georgian officers participating in the program benefit from exposure to diverse perspectives and cultures, which fosters critical thinking and adaptability. Such development is crucial for building a modern, professional force capable of responding to evolving threats. Graduates of the program frequently bring back innovative ideas and leadership styles that contribute to the internal development and reform processes within the GDF.  The US Army Major Casey Kapetanov one who was tasked to support the U.S. Mission to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (USOSCE), conducted some observations and Interviews with IMET graduates students and he wrote:  “The Republic of Georgia realized the benefit of fostering closer ties to the U.S. through IMET and is using the lessons taught in U.S. military institutions to reorient to a Western model of military standardization. One colonel in the Georgian Defense Force pioneered the establishment of a training program based on the U.S. Army’s Maneuver Captains Career Course, of which he is a graduate. His newly adopted course better prepares Georgian military students in maneuver warfare while providing better trained leaders for the military. Georgia’s investment in IMET further benefits the country by building closer ties to U.S. leaders and facilitates integration into multinational training events, thereby enhancing interoperability and improving military to military relationships. IMET paves the way for Georgian-Western military integration and cements ties with Western military leaders on the tactical, operational, and strategic level (Kapetanov 2024).

One of the most significant benefits of the IMET program for the GDF has been the enhancement of military capabilities. Through rigorous training and education, Georgian officers have gained exposure to advanced military tactics, leadership skills, and strategic planning processes. Courses range from fundamental military sciences to specialized skills in cybersecurity, logistics, and peacekeeping operations.  Participation in IMET has enabled the GDF to adopt best practices from the U.S. armed forces, translating them into actionable strategies suited to Georgian defense needs. This has improved the country’s ability to respond to threats, participate in joint operations, and contribute to international peacekeeping missions. Beyond military improvements, the IMET program has played a critical role in solidifying the defense relationship between Georgia and the United States. By providing training to numerous Georgian officers, the program has created a network of U.S.-educated military personnel who serve as multipliers of shared values and joint cooperation. This connection strengthens diplomatic ties and enables smoother coordination in joint military exercises and operations. It also serves as a foundation for Georgia’s aspirations to integrate more closely with NATO, aligning its military standards with those of Western allies. In other words, this is an alternative bottom-up view of how military organizations can influence political processes and decisions through the development of cross-border communities of military professionals. This involves a two-step model of socialization. First, individuals (military officers) are socialized by a large political institution (the U.S. through its war and staff colleges). Second, these individuals function as idea entrepreneurs, bringing new ideas, beliefs, and practices home with them (Atkinson 2014).

Despite these benefits, the IMET program presents challenges, including the need for ongoing adaptation of training to meet Georgia’s specific needs and priorities. Balancing participation with national interests requires careful planning and resources but also opens opportunities for tailored training solutions, particularly in emerging areas like cyber defense and hybrid warfare.

The Impact of IMET on Georgia’s NATO Aspirations   
The International Military Education and Training (IMET) program has played a significant role in Georgia’s aspirations to join NATO. Here’s how it has affected this process. IMET provides funding for Georgian military personnel to attend U.S. military schools, enhancing their skills and professionalism. This alignment with NATO standards is crucial for bolstering Georgia’s military capabilities. By training future military leaders, IMET helps build a cadre of officers who are familiar with Western military practices and norms, fostering a culture aligned with NATO values. The training and education provided by IMET support Georgia in implementing necessary defense reforms. These reforms are part of the requirements for NATO membership and contribute to strengthening interoperability and democratic civilian control over the military. The Survey Study that was conducted by US Subject Matter Experts (SME) in Georgia discovered three main positive impact to IMET program to Georgian Defense Forces. “First, IMET recipients are catalyzing and leading Georgia’s defense transformation… Second, IMET has helped to shape the next generation of leaders in Georgia as they internalize what they have learned through their experiences in the United States… and third, IMET courses are a means to build trust and long term relationships between U.S. officers and their partners in foreign militaries” (Phadnis 2019).

IMET strengthens bilateral relations between Georgia and the United States, a leading member of NATO. Stronger U.S.-Georgia relations can positively influence Georgia’s case for NATO membership. Through participation in IMET, Georgian military forces learn to operate more effectively alongside NATO forces. This interoperability is a key element for any nation aspiring to join NATO.

Overall, by enhancing military education, professional standards, and interoperability with NATO forces, IMET supports Georgia’s strategic goal of joining the alliance. However, political, regional security, and geopolitical considerations also play significant roles in the actual realization of this aspiration.

Some examples of Georgia’s military reforms linked with IMET

Georgia’s participation in the IMET program has led to several notable military reforms. Here are some key examples:

  • IMET has enabled many Georgian military officers to attend professional military education courses in the United States, enhancing their leadership skills and strategic understanding.
  • IMET has contributed to the modernization of training programs within the Georgian Armed Forces, shifting from Soviet-style training to Western methodologies, which emphasize leadership, decision-making, and tactical proficiency.
  • Emphasis on improving command and control systems has led to more effective and efficient military operations, influenced by U.S. standards and practices taught through IMET. By providing education and training to key personnel, IMET has assisted Georgia in developing and implementing comprehensive defense planning and policy-making processes.
  • The program has played a crucial role in aligning Georgia’s military standards and practices with those of NATO, supporting its aspirations for NATO membership and improving interoperability with Western forces.
  • Training in civil-military relations has helped foster a professional and accountable military culture, emphasizing the importance of civilian oversight and democratic principles. In a 2014 study, political scientists Jonathan Waverley and Jesse Savage found that U.S. military training “increases the [foreign] military’s power relative to the [civilian government] in ways that other forms of military assistance do not,” because of the prestige accrued and bonds formed among officers (Waverley and Savage 2014).

Overall, these reforms have significantly enhanced the capability and professionalism of the Georgian military, aligning it more closely with Western practices and improving its readiness for potential NATO integration.

Limitations of the IMET Program 
While the International Military Education and Training (IMET) program has many benefits, it also faces several criticisms. There are challenges in effectively imparting U.S. military values and ethics in countries with vastly different cultural and socio-political contexts, potentially leading to misunderstandings or ineffective training outcomes. According to interviews with officers from a range of countries, few IMET courses focus on the role of a military in a democracy (Kurlantzick, Joshua. June, 2016) which in some case is irrelevant and should be considered during the planning process.

There are concerns about the lack of oversight and transparency in how IMET funds are allocated and the criteria used for selecting participating countries and individuals. There is a risk that military training provided through IMET could be used against civilian populations or political opponents within the recipient countries, especially if trainees are from countries with histories of military coups or internal conflict.

IMET has sometimes been criticized for training military officers from regimes with poor human rights records. This raises concerns about indirectly supporting or legitimizing authoritarian governments.

Although IMET includes human rights and democracy training, some argue that this aspect is not emphasized enough, potentially limiting the program’s effectiveness in promoting these values. “Failing to utilize IMET to promote respect for democratic rule and civilian command harms U.S. interests. In countries such as Thailand, Egypt, and Pakistan, continued military involvement in politics weakens civilian governments and stokes instability, making these states unreliable strategic partners over the long term” (Kurlantzick, Joshua. June, 2016).

Like many government programs, IMET faces scrutiny over its cost-effectiveness. Critics question whether the benefits justify the financial investment, especially when compared with other diplomatic or development initiatives. Training military leaders could inadvertently enhance the military’s role in politics within recipient countries, potentially destabilizing civilian control over the military. Critics argue that IMET can be used as a tool to promote U.S. military and political agendas in other countries, potentially infringing on their sovereignty. Despite these criticisms, proponents argue that IMET remains a valuable tool for fostering international military cooperation and promoting shared security goals. Balancing these benefits with the program’s challenges is an ongoing task for policymakers.

Career and Institutional Outcomes of IMET Participation
The International Military Education and Training (IMET) program provides several benefits to its graduates.

  • IMET offers technical and leadership training that enhances the professional skills of military personnel, preparing them for higher responsibilities and diverse challenges. By improving the skills and knowledge of military personnel, IMET contributes to the overall capacity and effectiveness of participating countries armed forces.
  • The program emphasizes leadership and management training, equipping officers with the skills needed to lead effectively and make strategic decisions. Graduates often find that their enhanced skills and international experience can lead to career advancement within their own military organizations.
  • Graduates gain a better understanding of U.S. military operations, doctrine, and technology, which enhances interoperability in joint missions and multinational operations. The program helps to strengthen military-to-military relationships between the U.S. and participating countries, fostering cooperation and mutual understanding. Through exposure to U.S. practices and engagement with international peers, graduates develop a broader cultural perspective and understanding, which is crucial in global operations. IMET facilitates the creation of international networks among military professionals, enabling collaboration, information sharing, and support across different nations. The curriculum often includes components on democratic principles and human rights, promoting values that support stability and peace. Participants may have exposure to advanced military technology and techniques, enhancing their tactical and operational capabilities.

These benefits contribute to both personal growth for the graduates and broader strategic advantages for their home countries. As U.S. Major Casey Kapetanov in his interesting article about IMET in FAO Journal of International Affairs noted: ”A foreign service member thoroughly grounded in the doctrine and operations of the U.S. military becomes an asset wherever our troops are stationed. IMET is a beneficial program that yields tangible returns on investment” (Kapetanov, Casey. 2024) 

Conclusion:

The International Military Education and Training (IMET) program is a U.S. initiative aimed at strengthening military alliances and promoting democratic values through the education and training of foreign military personnel. Originally launched during the Cold War to counter Soviet influence, the program has evolved to include human rights education, counterterrorism training, and focus on technological and tactical innovations. It has expanded its inclusivity and geographic reach, adapting to global security needs and prioritizing accountability and transparency. The program remains a strategic tool of U.S. foreign policy, fostering cooperation and security in regions of strategic importance. The IMET program enhances military professionalism through leadership and technical training. It fosters interoperability, cultural understanding, and international networking among military personnel. By strengthening U.S. bilateral ties, it builds capacity, exposes participants to advanced technology, and promotes democratic values, often aiding in career advancement.

Overall, the IMET program’s implications for the Georgian Defense Forces are profound and multidimensional. As Georgia seeks to enhance its defense capabilities and deepen ties with Western allies, the IMET program remains a cornerstone of its respective strategy. By continuing to invest in this partnership, Georgia not only strengthens its military forces but also reinforces its commitment to global security and stability.  The ongoing collaboration through IMET ensures that the GDF remains a competent, well-equipped force ready to face regional and global challenges. As Dr. Carol Atkinson ( a Lieutenant Colonel (retired) in the United States Air Force and Professor of the Practice of International Relations at the University of Southern California) mentioned in her book “Military Soft Power: Public Diplomacy Through Military Educational Exchanges”, the military exchanges hosted by the U.S. military’s war and staff colleges are one of the most successful public diplomacy efforts of the U.S. government (Atkinson, Carol. 2014). And I support this: the IMET program is a strategic tool for U.S. foreign policy, aiming to build military partnerships, promote security cooperation, and instill democratic values among foreign militaries. Over the past three decades, around 2,000 members of the Georgian Defense Forces (GDF) have received training through the IMET programs. Given that the GDF underwent a crucial period of transformation between 1995 and 2025, it is clear that U.S. support through IMET played a foundational role in driving these essential reforms.

Bibliography:

Atkinson, Carol. 2014. Military Soft Power: Public Diplomacy through Military Educational Exchanges. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

Atkinson, Carol, et al. 2024. “Education as a Soft Power Resource: A Systematic Review.” International Journal of Educational Development.

Georgetown Security Studies Review. 2018. “Normative Persuasion and the Impact of IMET Programs on U.S. National Security Goals.” February 22, 2018. https://georgetownsecuritystudiesreview.org/2018/02/22/normative-persuasion-and-the-impact-of-imet-programs-on-u-s-national-security-goals/

Kapetanov, Casey. 2024. “News From the Field: In Defense of IMET.” FAOA Journal of International Affairs, January 27, 2024.
https://faoajournal.substack.com/p/news-from-the-field-in-defense-of

Kurlantzick, Joshua.  Reforming the U.S. International Military Education and Training Program, 2016. https://www.cfr.org/report/reforming-us-international-military-education-and-training-program; Foreign Military Training: FY2015-16: Joint Report to Congress, Volume I; 2017 ASI 7004-36, 2017.

Phadnis, Rohina. 2019. “International Military Education and Training Program Recipients Are Leading the Defense Transformation in Georgia.” U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Political-Military Affairs, March 19, 2019.
https://medium.com/@StateDept/international-military-education-and-training-program-recipients-are-leading-the-defense-999d71cf762f

U.S. Department of Defense. n.d. “International Military Education & Training (IMET).” AllGov. http://www.allgov.com/departments/department-of-defense/international-military-education-training-imet?agencyid=7378

U.S. Department of State. 2006. Military Assistance: International Military Education and Training, Foreign Military Financing, and Peacekeeping Operations. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of State.
https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/60649.pdf

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